Long term evolution user equipment multi-packet data network parameter based connectivity control

ABSTRACT

A system is provided for concurrently connecting a plurality of packet data network gateways to a serving gateway. The system includes a processor configured to evaluate an operational parameter related to a set of network components to which the serving gateway and the packet data network gateways belong. The operational parameter limits a quantity of packet data network gateways to which the serving gateway concurrently connects.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/263,274 filed Oct. 31, 2008, by Xiaoming Zhao, at al. entitled “Long Term Evolution User Equipment Multi-Packet Data Network Parameter Based Connectivity Control”, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/985,084 filed Nov. 2, 2007, by Xiaoming Zhao, at al. entitled “Long Term Evolution User Equipment Multi-Packet Data Network Connectivity Control”, which are incorporated by reference herein as if reproduced in their entirety.

BACKGROUND

Easily transportable devices with wireless telecommunications capabilities, such as mobile telephones, personal digital assistants, handheld computers, and similar devices, will be referred to herein as user equipment (UE). The term “UE” may refer to a device and its associated Universal Integrated Circuit Card (UICC) that includes a Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) application, a Universal Subscriber Identity Module (USIM) application, or a Removable User Identity Module (R-UIM) application or may refer to the device itself without such a card. A connection between a UE and some other element in a telecommunications network might promote a voice call, a file transfer, or some other type of data exchange, any of which can be referred to as a call or a session.

Some UEs communicate in a circuit switched mode, wherein a dedicated communication path exists between two devices. For the duration of a call or session, all data exchanged between the two devices travels along the single path. Some UEs have the capability to communicate in a packet switched mode, wherein a data stream representing a portion of a call or session is divided into packets that are given unique identifiers. The packets might then be transmitted from a source to a destination along different paths and might arrive at the destination at different times. Upon reaching the destination, the packets are reassembled into their original sequence based on the identifiers.

Communications that take place via circuit switching can be said to occur in the circuit switched domain and communications that take place via packet switching can be said to occur in the packet switched domain. Within each domain, several different types of networks, protocols, or technologies can be used. In some cases, the same network, protocol, or technology can be used in both domains. The wireless communication networks may be based on Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA), Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM), or some other multiple access scheme. A CDMA-based network may implement one or more standards such as 3GPP2 IS-2000 (commonly referred to as CDMA 1x), 3GPP2 IS-856 (commonly referred to as CDMA 1xEV-DO), or 3GPP UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System). The modes of access for UMTS are referred to as Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA). A TDMA-based network may implement one or more standards such as 3GPP Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) or 3GPP General Packet Radio Service (GPRS).

GSM is an example of a wireless network standard that uses only the circuit switching mode. Examples of wireless network standards that use only packet switching include GPRS, CDMA 1x EV-DO, Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMax), and Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN), which might comply with Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) standards such as 802.16, 802.16e, 802.11a, 802.11b, 802.11g, 802.11n, and similar standards. Examples of wireless network standards that may use both circuit switching and packet switching modes include CDMA 1x and UMTS. The IP (Internet Protocol) Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) is a packet switched technology that allows multimedia content to be transmitted between UEs.

In traditional wireless telecommunications systems, transmission equipment in a base station transmits signals throughout a geographical region known as a cell. As technology has evolved, more advanced equipment has been introduced that can provide services that were not possible previously. This advanced equipment might include, for example, an enhanced node B (ENB) rather than a base station or other systems and devices that are more highly evolved than the equivalent equipment in a traditional wireless telecommunications system. Such advanced or next generation equipment may be referred to herein as long-term evolution (LTE) equipment. For LTE equipment, the region in which a wireless device can gain access to a telecommunications network might be referred to by a name other than “cell”, such as “hot spot”. As used herein, the term “cell” will be used to refer to any region in which a wireless device can gain access to a telecommunications network, regardless of whether the wireless device is a traditional cellular device, an LTE device, or some other device.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

For a more complete understanding of this disclosure, reference is now made to the following brief description, taken in connection with the accompanying drawings and detailed description, wherein like reference numerals represent like parts.

FIG. 1 is an illustration of a wireless telecommunications system according to an embodiment of the disclosure.

FIG. 2 is a diagram of a method for controlling user equipment connectivity to packet data networks according to an embodiment of the disclosure.

FIG. 3 is a diagram of a wireless communications system including user equipment operable for some of the various embodiments of the disclosure.

FIG. 4 is a block diagram of user equipment operable for some of the various embodiments of the disclosure.

FIG. 5 is a diagram of a software environment that may be implemented on user equipment operable for some of the various embodiments of the disclosure.

FIG. 6 is an illustrative general purpose computer system suitable for some of the various embodiments of the disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

It should be understood at the outset that although illustrative implementations of one or more embodiments of the present disclosure are provided below, the disclosed systems and/or methods may be implemented using any number of techniques, whether currently known or in existence. The disclosure should in no way be limited to the illustrative implementations, drawings, and techniques illustrated below, including the exemplary designs and implementations illustrated and described herein, but may be modified within the scope of the appended claims along with their full scope of equivalents.

According to one embodiment, a system is provided for concurrently connecting a plurality of packet data network gateways to a serving gateway. The system includes a processor configured to evaluate an operational parameter related to a set of network components to which the serving gateway and the packet data network gateways belong. The operational parameter limits a quantity of packet data network gateways to which the serving gateway concurrently connects.

In another embodiment, a method is provided for concurrently connecting a plurality of packet data network gateways to a serving gateway. The method includes specifying an operational parameter of a system of which the serving gateway and the packet data network gateways are components. The operational parameter limits a quantity of packet data network gateways to which the serving gateway concurrently connects.

FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary wireless telecommunications system 100 according to an embodiment of the disclosure. The system 100 includes a UE 110 that can connect to a plurality of packet data networks (PDNs) 150. The PDNs 150 might be Internet-based networks or might be other types of networks that can provide packet-based data. Each PDN 150 can allow access to packet-based services 152, such as World Wide Web pages, multimedia broadcast/multicast services, and other data packet-based services. To access the PDNs 150, the UE 110 might first exchange one or more messages with a mobility management entity (MME) 120. The MME 120 establishes a bearer between the UE 110 and other components in the system 100.

In some cases, the UE 110 may have bearer connections, via the MME 120, to a serving gateway 130, which can also be referred to as a mobile access gateway (MAG). In other cases, the UE 110 may have a bearer connection directly to the serving gateway 130 without connecting via the MME 120. The serving gateway 130 terminates the interface of the radio access portions of the system 100 and forwards packets to the PDNs 150 via a plurality of PDN gateways 140. Each PDN gateway 140 can allow access to one or more PDNs 150. While each PDN gateway 140 is shown providing access to only one PDN 150, each PDN gateway 140 might provide access to a plurality of PDNs 150.

Traditionally, the MME 120 may establish a bearer between the UE 110 and one PDN among the plurality of PDNs 150 that is considered the default PDN. This initial connection through the serving gateway 130 is known as the default bearer, and the gateway through which the connection is made is known as the default gateway. In FIG. 1, PDN 150 ₁ is the default PDN, gateway 140 ₁ is the default gateway, and the serving gateway 130 connects to the default gateway 140 ₁ through a default bearer 160.

Any other PDN gateways 140 to which the serving gateway 130 connects are reached via additional bearers. Based on the UE's quality of service (QoS) profile, the additional bearers might conform to a set of quality of service requirements, such as a guaranteed bit rate (GBR), a maximum bit rate (MBR), a packet delay budget (PDB), and other parameters of data transfer quality. In FIG. 1, a different additional bearer 170 connects the serving gateway 130 to each of the plurality of PDN gateways 140, other than the default PDN gateway 140 ₁.

It should be noted that some of the lines connecting the components in FIG. 1 represent bearer connections and some of the lines represent signaling connections. Traditionally, different styles of lines are used to represent the different types of connections. However, for the sake of clarity in the drawing, the different types of connections in FIG. 1 are represented by the same style of line.

Some UEs 110 might connect to two or more PDN gateways 140 concurrently via the serving gateway 130. This could provide the UE 110 with fast access to multiple PDNs 150. For example, the UE 110 might use the bearer 160 to the default PDN 150 ₁ in order to access the World Wide Web and use a second PDN 150 ₂ in order to access a video download. If concurrent bearers exist to both PDN gateway 140 ₁ and PDN gateway 140 ₂, the user could quickly switch between accessing PDN 150 ₁ and PDN 150 ₂. If concurrent bearers were not possible and the user wished to switch from PDN 150 ₁ to PDN 150 ₂, the default bearer 160 might need to be torn down and a new bearer established at the time access to PDN 150 ₂ was attempted.

For such UEs 110, it might be desirable to establish one or more additional bearers 170 at or near the time the default bearer 160 is established. In this way, the additional bearers 170 will be ready for use if the user should decide to switch to a different PDN 150 after connecting to the default PDN 150 ₁. A list might be created specifying which of the PDNs 150 is the default PDN 150 ₁ and which additional PDNs 150 should be connected when the connection to the default PDN 150 ₁ is established. When the UE 110 wishes to make a network connection, this PDN list can be consulted and connections can automatically be made to the default PDN 150 ₁ and to the additional PDNs 150 on the PDN list.

A home subscriber server (HSS) 180, or a similar component, can connect to the MME 120 and can store data related to a profile 182 for the UE 110. A PDN list 183 that specifies the PDNs 150 to which the UE 110 automatically connects might be among the items stored in the profile 182. The profile 182 may be stored in a database or in a similar data storage component. Also, the profile 182 may be stored in and retrieved from a component of the system 100 other than the HSS 180.

A policy control and charging rules function (PCRF) 190, or a similar component, can connect to the serving gateway 130 and the PDN gateways 140 and can store policies related to the connections between the serving gateway 130 and the PDN gateways 140.

In an embodiment, connection of an LTE UE to multiple PDNs 150 is supported as stated in 3GPP Technical Specification 23.401. Upon the UE's initial attachment to the network, in addition to connecting to the default PDN 150 ₁, additional PDN bearer connectivity might be established between the serving gateway 130 and the other PDN gateways 140 specified in the PDN list 183 in the profile 182. Based on the UE's quality of service requirements, multiple PDN connectivity may entail additional bearers 170 with specified guaranteed bit rates. Since the bandwidths for the PDN gateways 140 might be limited, if the majority of the UEs 110 have multiple PDN connectivity support and also require guaranteed bit rates, the network PDN bearer connection reservation could exceed the bandwidth limits in some cases. In particular, if not all the multiple connectivity guaranteed bit rate bearers are activated for use for a relatively a long time, network bandwidth resources could be wasted and bearer usage starvation could result.

In other words, the PDN list 183 in the profile 182 and/or the connection policies stored in the PCRF 190 might cause more connections than may be necessary to be made between the UE 110 and the PDN gateways 140. For example, a user of the UE 110 might typically use only two of the PDNs 150 at any one time and therefore may need to connect only to the PDN gateways 140 associated with those two PDNs 150. However, the profile 182 and/or policies might automatically cause bearers to be established to more PDN gateways 140 than the two that are typically used.

Several undesirable results can occur when more bearers to the PDN gateways 140 are made than may be necessary. For example, concurrent connections to more PDN gateways 140 than necessary can cause the use of more bandwidth, filters, traffic flow templates, and other network resources than necessary. Also, unnecessary connections having no data transferred for an extended time can waste network resources. In addition, service data flow burst conditions can result from unnecessary connections between the serving gateway 130 and the PDN gateways 140. This could occur in the case where many UEs 110 are unnecessarily binding together to the same bearer and all of the UEs 110 start their data traffic on the bearer at substantially the same time. Also, excessive bearers between the serving gateway 130 and the PDN gateways 140 can lead to load balancing and scaling issues.

In various embodiments, measures are implemented to control the number of concurrent connections between the serving gateway 130 and the PDN gateways 140. In an embodiment, operational parameters 196 of the system 100 are used to control connectivity to the PDN gateways 140. Bearer establishment rules based on the values of the parameters 196 could cause new connections between the serving gateway 130 and the PDN gateways 140 to be prevented or could cause existing bearers between the serving gateway 130 and the PDN gateways 140 to be removed. One parameter 196 might relate to the number of PDNs 150 to which UE 110 can connect at any one time. When the maximum number of PDNs 150 to which the UE 110 is allowed to connect is reached, connections to additional PDN gateways 140 might be prevented. That is, the establishment of additional bearers 170 might not be allowed.

Another parameter 196 might relate to the number of PDNs 150 to which one PDN gateway 140 can connect at any one time. When the maximum number of PDNs 150 to which one of the PDN gateways 140 is allowed to connect is reached, connections between that PDN gateway 140 and additional PDNs 150 might be prevented.

Yet another parameter 196 might relate to the length of time the connection to one of the PDNs 150 is idle. If no activity is measured between the serving gateway 130 and one of the PDNs 150 for a specified length of time, the connection to that PDN 150 could be considered idle and the additional bearer 170 between the serving gateway 130 and the PDN gateway 140 serving that PDN 150 could be removed.

Still another parameter 196 might relate to the resources in use in the system 100. When the resources being used reach a threshold, additional connections between the serving gateway 130 and the PDNs 140 might be prevented. Resource use might be measured in terms of data throughput or similar parameters related to the quantity of network activity. Resource use measurement might be applied to any the components of the system 100 individually or to any combination of the components.

FIG. 2 illustrates an embodiment of a method 200 for concurrently connecting a plurality of packet data network gateways to a serving gateway. At a block 210, an operational parameter of a system of which the serving gateway and the packet data network gateways are components is specified. The value of the operating parameter limits the quantity of components to which the serving gateway concurrently connects.

In another embodiment, the PDN list 183 in the profile 182 is modifiable and specifies the PDNs 150 to which the UE 110 automatically connects. More specifically, a subset of the PDN list 183 that can be referred to as the active multiple PDN connectivity group can be created and modified, and automatic connections might be made only to the PDNs 150 that are in the active multiple PDN connectivity group.

A flag or similar indicator can be associated with each of the PDNs 150 in the PDN list 183. Turning on the flag or otherwise activating the indicator can designate one of the PDNs 150 on the PDN list 183 as a member of the active multiple PDN connectivity group and can thus cause the UE 110 to be automatically connected to that PDN 150. When the flag is turned off or the indicator is otherwise deactivated for one of the PDNs 150 on the PDN list 183, that PDN 150 is not a member of the active multiple PDN connectivity group, and the UE 110 is not automatically connected to that PDN 150.

In an embodiment, one or more of the PDNs 150 can be placed in the active multiple PDN connectivity group in one of two ways. In one alternative, an analysis of the actions taken by the UE 110 can be performed to determine which of the PDNs 150 the UE 110 typically accesses. PDNs 150 that the UE 110 frequently or habitually accesses can be placed in the active multiple PDN connectivity group. Automatic connections would then be made only to the PDNs 150 in the active multiple PDN connectivity group.

This analysis of the behavior of the UE 110 can be carried out by a component in the system 100 that has the capability to capture UE behavior. For example, since bearer connections between the UE 110 and the PDNs 150 might be known to and/or pass through the MME 120 and/or the serving gateway 130, either of those components might be aware of the PDNs 150 that the UE 110 frequently accesses. The MME 120, the serving gateway 130, or some other component might analyze this behavior information 184 and, based on the analysis, might place one or more of the PDNs 150 in the active multiple PDN connectivity group. The PDNs 150 may be prioritized in the active multiple PDN connectivity group based on the frequency of connectivity. Also, based on newly gathered behavior information 184, the profile 182 may be periodically, or on some other basis, revised through the addition of PDNs 150 to or the removal of PDNs 150 from the active multiple PDN connectivity group.

In an alternative way of placing one or more of the PDNs 150 in the active multiple PDN connectivity group, the user of the UE 110 can provide input to the UE 110 to manually designate which of the PDNs 150 should be placed in the active multiple PDN connectivity group and should thereby be automatically connected. The user's designation might be stored as a flag on one of the PDNs 150 in the PDN list 183 in the profile 182 and might be implemented when the default bearer 160 is established. Alternatively, the user could be prompted to make such a designation when the user makes an attempt to connect to the default PDN 150 ₁. In addition, the UE user might be allowed to add PDNs 150 to the PDN list 183 in the profile 182.

In either of these alternatives, connections to additional PDNs 150 might be allowed through a manual request after the default bearer 160 is established. For example, in the case where the profile 182 has been modified to prevent automatic connection to PDN 150 ₃, if the UE user wished to access PDN 150 ₃ after the default bearer 160 was established, the user could be allowed to make a manual request that leads to the establishment of additional bearer 170 ₂. Such manual requests might be included in the behavior information 184 and taken into consideration when an automated determination is made of which PDNs 150 to include in the active multiple PDN connectivity group.

In some embodiments, an analysis of the behavior of the UE 110 might take place upon a UE-based event occurring, such as a transmission of data from the UE 110 to one of the PDNs 150 or a manual selection via the UE 110 of a connection to one of the PDNs 150. That is, each time the UE 110 takes a connection-related action, a re-evaluation of which PDNs 150 belong in the active multiple PDN connectivity group might occur. In other embodiments, the analysis of the behavior of the UE 110 might take place at periodic intervals. That is, information about UE behavior might be stored temporarily, and a periodic analysis of the stored information might be performed to determine which PDNs 150 belong in the active multiple PDN connectivity group. In either case, the analysis of UE behavior might or might not result in a modification of the active multiple PDN connectivity group.

In an embodiment, removal of one of the PDNs 150 from the active multiple PDN connectivity group can be done in a manner analogous to the placement of one of the PDNs 150 in the active multiple PDN connectivity group. That is, a UE user might remove one of the PDNs 150 from the active multiple PDN connectivity group by manually turning off a flag or otherwise deactivating the indicator associated with one of the PDNs 150 in the PDN list 183. Alternatively, one or more of the PDNs 150 might be removed from the active multiple PDN connectivity group based on the behavior information 184. For example, a deactivation timer might keep track of how long a connection to one of the PDNs 150 remains inactive. When the timer reaches a threshold, it can be assumed that the user does not access that PDN 150 regularly. That PDN 150 might then be automatically removed from the active multiple PDN connectivity group and an automatic connection to that PDN 150 might no longer be made.

In some embodiments, the operational parameters 196 and the active multiple PDN connectivity group in the profile 182 may be used in combination for connectivity control. For example, the initial connectivity decisions might be made based on the active multiple PDN connectivity group and then the operational parameters 196 might be used to determine whether to make additional connections and/or whether to maintain existing connections. Other combinations of profiles and operational parameters 196 for connectivity control will readily suggest themselves to one skilled in the art based on the present disclosure.

FIG. 3 illustrates a wireless communications system including an embodiment of the UE 110. The UE 110 is operable for implementing aspects of the disclosure, but the disclosure should not be limited to these implementations. Though illustrated as a mobile phone, the UE 110 may take various forms including a wireless handset, a pager, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a portable computer, a tablet computer, or a laptop computer. Many suitable devices combine some or all of these functions. In some embodiments of the disclosure, the UE 110 is not a general purpose computing device like a portable, laptop or tablet computer, but rather is a special-purpose communications device such as a mobile phone, a wireless handset, a pager, a PDA, or a telecommunications device installed in a vehicle. In another embodiment, the UE 110 may be a portable, laptop or other computing device. The UE 110 may support specialized activities such as gaming, inventory control, job control, and/or task management functions, and so on.

The UE 110 includes a display 402. The UE 110 also includes a touch-sensitive surface, a keyboard or other input keys generally referred as 404 for input by a user. The keyboard may be a full or reduced alphanumeric keyboard such as QWERTY, Dvorak, AZERTY, and sequential types, or a traditional numeric keypad with alphabet letters associated with a telephone keypad. The input keys may include a trackwheel, an exit or escape key, a trackball, and other navigational or functional keys, which may be inwardly depressed to provide further input function. The UE 110 may present options for the user to select, controls for the user to actuate, and/or cursors or other indicators for the user to direct.

The UE 110 may further accept data entry from the user, including numbers to dial or various parameter values for configuring the operation of the UE 110. The UE 110 may further execute one or more software or firmware applications in response to user commands. These applications may configure the UE 110 to perform various customized functions in response to user interaction. Additionally, the UE 110 may be programmed and/or configured over-the-air, for example from a wireless base station, a wireless access point, or a peer UE 110.

Among the various applications executable by the UE 110 are a web browser, which enables the display 402 to show a web page. The web page may be obtained via wireless communications with a wireless network access node, a cell tower, a peer UE 110, or any other wireless communication network or system 400. The network 400 is coupled to a wired network 408, such as the Internet. Via the wireless link and the wired network, the UE 110 has access to information on various servers, such as a server 410. The server 410 may provide content that may be shown on the display 402. Alternately, the UE 110 may access the network 400 through a peer UE 110 acting as an intermediary, in a relay type or hop type of connection.

FIG. 4 shows a block diagram of the UE 110. While a variety of known components of UEs 110 are depicted, in an embodiment a subset of the listed components and/or additional components not listed may be included in the UE 110. The UE 110 includes a digital signal processor (DSP) 502 and a memory 504. As shown, the UE 110 may further include an antenna and front end unit 506, a radio frequency (RF) transceiver 508, an analog baseband processing unit 510, a microphone 512, an earpiece speaker 514, a headset port 516, an input/output interface 518, a removable memory card 520, a universal serial bus (USB) port 522, a short range wireless communication sub-system 524, an alert 526, a keypad 528, a liquid crystal display (LCD), which may include a touch sensitive surface 530, an LCD controller 532, a charge-coupled device (CCD) camera 534, a camera controller 536, and a global positioning system (GPS) sensor 538. In an embodiment, the UE 110 may include another kind of display that does not provide a touch sensitive screen. In an embodiment, the DSP 502 may communicate directly with the memory 504 without passing through the input/output interface 518.

The DSP 502 or some other form of controller or central processing unit operates to control the various components of the UE 110 in accordance with embedded software or firmware stored in memory 504 or stored in memory contained within the DSP 502 itself. In addition to the embedded software or firmware, the DSP 502 may execute other applications stored in the memory 504 or made available via information carrier media such as portable data storage media like the removable memory card 520 or via wired or wireless network communications. The application software may comprise a compiled set of machine-readable instructions that configure the DSP 502 to provide the desired functionality, or the application software may be high-level software instructions to be processed by an interpreter or compiler to indirectly configure the DSP 502.

The antenna and front end unit 506 may be provided to convert between wireless signals and electrical signals, enabling the UE 110 to send and receive information from a cellular network or some other available wireless communications network or from a peer UE 110. In an embodiment, the antenna and front end unit 506 may include multiple antennas to support beam forming and/or multiple input multiple output (MIMO) operations. As is known to those skilled in the art, MIMO operations may provide spatial diversity which can be used to overcome difficult channel conditions and/or increase channel throughput. The antenna and front end unit 506 may include antenna tuning and/or impedance matching components, RF power amplifiers, and/or low noise amplifiers.

The RF transceiver 508 provides frequency shifting, converting received RF signals to baseband and converting baseband transmit signals to RF. In some descriptions a radio transceiver or RF transceiver may be understood to include other signal processing functionality such as modulation/demodulation, coding/decoding, interleaving/deinterleaving, spreading/despreading, inverse fast Fourier transforming (IFFT)/fast Fourier transforming (FFT), cyclic prefix appending/removal, and other signal processing functions. For the purposes of clarity, the description here separates the description of this signal processing from the RF and/or radio stage and conceptually allocates that signal processing to the analog baseband processing unit 510 and/or the DSP 502 or other central processing unit. In some embodiments, the RF Transceiver 508, portions of the Antenna and Front End 506, and the analog baseband processing unit 510 may be combined in one or more processing units and/or application specific integrated circuits (ASICs).

The analog baseband processing unit 510 may provide various analog processing of inputs and outputs, for example analog processing of inputs from the microphone 512 and the headset 516 and outputs to the earpiece 514 and the headset 516. To that end, the analog baseband processing unit 510 may have ports for connecting to the built-in microphone 512 and the earpiece speaker 514 that enable the UE 110 to be used as a cell phone. The analog baseband processing unit 510 may further include a port for connecting to a headset or other hands-free microphone and speaker configuration. The analog baseband processing unit 510 may provide digital-to-analog conversion in one signal direction and analog-to-digital conversion in the opposing signal direction. In some embodiments, at least some of the functionality of the analog baseband processing unit 510 may be provided by digital processing components, for example by the DSP 502 or by other central processing units.

The DSP 502 may perform modulation/demodulation, coding/decoding, interleaving/deinterleaving, spreading/despreading, inverse fast Fourier transforming (IFFT)/fast Fourier transforming (FFT), cyclic prefix appending/removal, and other signal processing functions associated with wireless communications. In an embodiment, for example in a code division multiple access (CDMA) technology application, for a transmitter function the DSP 502 may perform modulation, coding, interleaving, and spreading, and for a receiver function the DSP 502 may perform despreading, deinterleaving, decoding, and demodulation. In another embodiment, for example in an orthogonal frequency division multiplex access (OFDMA) technology application, for the transmitter function the DSP 502 may perform modulation, coding, interleaving, inverse fast Fourier transforming, and cyclic prefix appending, and for a receiver function the DSP 502 may perform cyclic prefix removal, fast Fourier transforming, deinterleaving, decoding, and demodulation. In other wireless technology applications, yet other signal processing functions and combinations of signal processing functions may be performed by the DSP 502.

The DSP 502 may communicate with a wireless network via the analog baseband processing unit 510. In some embodiments, the communication may provide Internet connectivity, enabling a user to gain access to content on the Internet and to send and receive e-mail or text messages. The input/output interface 518 interconnects the DSP 502 and various memories and interfaces. The memory 504 and the removable memory card 520 may provide software and data to configure the operation of the DSP 502. Among the interfaces may be the USB interface 522 and the short range wireless communication sub-system 524. The USB interface 522 may be used to charge the UE 110 and may also enable the UE 110 to function as a peripheral device to exchange information with a personal computer or other computer system. The short range wireless communication sub-system 524 may include an infrared port, a Bluetooth interface, an IEEE 802.11 compliant wireless interface, or any other short range wireless communication sub-system, which may enable the UE 110 to communicate wirelessly with other nearby mobile devices and/or wireless base stations.

The input/output interface 518 may further connect the DSP 502 to the alert 526 that, when triggered, causes the UE 110 to provide a notice to the user, for example, by ringing, playing a melody, or vibrating. The alert 526 may serve as a mechanism for alerting the user to any of various events such as an incoming call, a new text message, and an appointment reminder by silently vibrating, or by playing a specific pre-assigned melody for a particular caller.

The keypad 528 couples to the DSP 502 via the interface 518 to provide one mechanism for the user to make selections, enter information, and otherwise provide input to the UE 110. The keyboard 528 may be a full or reduced alphanumeric keyboard such as QWERTY, Dvorak, AZERTY and sequential types, or a traditional numeric keypad with alphabet letters associated with a telephone keypad. The input keys may include a trackwheel, an exit or escape key, a trackball, and other navigational or functional keys, which may be inwardly depressed to provide further input function. Another input mechanism may be the LCD 530, which may include touch screen capability and also display text and/or graphics to the user. The LCD controller 532 couples the DSP 502 to the LCD 530.

The CCD camera 534, if equipped, enables the UE 110 to take digital pictures. The DSP 502 communicates with the CCD camera 534 via the camera controller 536. In another embodiment, a camera operating according to a technology other than Charge Coupled Device cameras may be employed. The GPS sensor 538 is coupled to the DSP 502 to decode global positioning system signals, thereby enabling the UE 110 to determine its position. Various other peripherals may also be included to provide additional functions, e.g., radio and television reception.

FIG. 5 illustrates a software environment 602 that may be implemented by the DSP 502. The DSP 502 executes operating system drivers 604 that provide a platform from which the rest of the software operates. The operating system drivers 604 provide drivers for the UE hardware with standardized interfaces that are accessible to application software. The operating system drivers 604 include application management services (“AMS”) 606 that transfer control between applications running on the UE 110. Also shown in FIG. 5 are a web browser application 608, a media player application 610, and Java applets 612. The web browser application 608 configures the UE 110 to operate as a web browser, allowing a user to enter information into forms and select links to retrieve and view web pages. The media player application 610 configures the UE 110 to retrieve and play audio or audiovisual media. The Java applets 612 configure the UE 110 to provide games, utilities, and other functionality. A component 614 might provide functionality related to connectivity control.

The UE 110 and other components of FIG. 1 may include any general-purpose computer with sufficient processing power, memory resources, and network throughput capability to handle the necessary workload placed upon it. FIG. 6 illustrates a typical, general-purpose computer system 700 that may be suitable for implementing one or more embodiments disclosed herein. The computer system 700 includes a processor 720 (which may be referred to as a central processor unit or CPU) that is in communication with memory devices including secondary storage 750, read only memory (ROM) 740, random access memory (RAM) 730, input/output (I/O) devices 710, and network connectivity devices 760. The processor may be implemented as one or more CPU chips.

The secondary storage 750 is typically comprised of one or more disk drives or tape drives and is used for non-volatile storage of data and as an over-flow data storage device if RAM 730 is not large enough to hold all working data. Secondary storage 750 may be used to store programs which are loaded into RAM 730 when such programs are selected for execution. The ROM 740 is used to store instructions and perhaps data which are read during program execution. ROM 740 is a non-volatile memory device which typically has a small memory capacity relative to the larger memory capacity of secondary storage. The RAM 730 is used to store volatile data and perhaps to store instructions. Access to both ROM 740 and RAM 730 is typically faster than to secondary storage 750.

I/O devices 710 may include printers, video monitors, liquid crystal displays (LCDs), touch screen displays, keyboards, keypads, switches, dials, mice, track balls, voice recognizers, card readers, paper tape readers, or other well-known input devices.

The network connectivity devices 760 may take the form of modems, modem banks, ethernet cards, universal serial bus (USB) interface cards, serial interfaces, token ring cards, fiber distributed data interface (FDDI) cards, wireless local area network (WLAN) cards, radio transceiver cards such as code division multiple access (CDMA) and/or global system for mobile communications (GSM) radio transceiver cards, and other well-known network devices. These network connectivity 760 devices may enable the processor 720 to communicate with an Internet or one or more intranets. With such a network connection, it is contemplated that the processor 720 might receive information from the network, or might output information to the network in the course of performing the above-described method steps. Such information, which is often represented as a sequence of instructions to be executed using processor 720, may be received from and outputted to the network, for example, in the form of a computer data signal embodied in a carrier wave.

Such information, which may include data or instructions to be executed using processor 720 for example, may be received from and outputted to the network, for example, in the form of a computer data baseband signal or signal embodied in a carrier wave. The baseband signal or signal embodied in the carrier wave generated by the network connectivity 760 devices may propagate in or on the surface of electrical conductors, in coaxial cables, in waveguides, in optical media, for example optical fiber, or in the air or free space. The information contained in the baseband signal or signal embedded in the carrier wave may be ordered according to different sequences, as may be desirable for either processing or generating the information or transmitting or receiving the information. The baseband signal or signal embedded in the carrier wave, or other types of signals currently used or hereafter developed, referred to herein as the transmission medium, may be generated according to several methods well known to one skilled in the art.

The processor 720 executes instructions, codes, computer programs, scripts which it accesses from hard disk, floppy disk, optical disk (these various disk-based systems may all be considered secondary storage 750), ROM 740, RAM 730, or the network connectivity devices 760. While only one processor 720 is shown, multiple processors may be present. Thus, while instructions may be discussed as executed by a processor, the instructions may be executed simultaneously, serially, or otherwise executed by one or multiple processors.

While several embodiments have been provided in the present disclosure, it should be understood that the disclosed systems and methods may be embodied in many other specific forms without departing from the spirit or scope of the present disclosure. The present examples are to be considered as illustrative and not restrictive, and the intention is not to be limited to the details given herein. For example, the various elements or components may be combined or integrated in another system or certain features may be omitted, or not implemented.

Also, techniques, systems, subsystems and methods described and illustrated in the various embodiments as discrete or separate may be combined or integrated with other systems, modules, techniques, or methods without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. Other items shown or discussed as coupled or directly coupled or communicating with each other may be indirectly coupled or communicating through some interface, device, or intermediate component, whether electrically, mechanically, or otherwise. Other examples of changes, substitutions, and alterations are ascertainable by one skilled in the art and could be made without departing from the spirit and scope disclosed herein. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A network node that manages packet data network (PDN) connections between a user equipment and at least one PDN, the network node comprising: a processor configured to: limit a number of concurrent PDN connections between the user equipment and the at least one PDN based on an operational parameter related to PDN connectivity of the user equipment, wherein the network node manages concurrent PDN connections between the user equipment and the at least one PDN via a wireless local area network (WLAN).
 2. The network node of claim 1 wherein the operational parameter is a maximum number of concurrent PDN connections allowed between the user equipment and the at least one PDN.
 3. The network node of claim 2 wherein the processor is further configured to limit the number of concurrent PDN connections based on the number of concurrent PDN connections reaching the operational parameter.
 4. A network node that manages packet data network (PDN) connections between a user equipment and at least one PDN, the network node comprising: a processor configured to: reject a request for a new PDN connection in addition to a number of concurrent PDN connections between the user equipment and the at least one PDN based on an operational parameter related to PDN connectivity of the user equipment, wherein the network node manages concurrent PDN connections between the user equipment and the at least one PDN via a wireless local area network (WLAN).
 5. The network node of claim 4 wherein the processor is further configured to reject the request based on the number of concurrent PDN connections reaching the operational parameter.
 6. The network node of claim 4 wherein the operational parameter is a maximum number of concurrent PDN connections allowed.
 7. A method for managing packet data network (PDN) connections between a user equipment and at least one PDN, the method comprising: limiting a number of concurrent PDN connections between the user equipment and the at least one PDN based on an operational parameter related to PDN connectivity if the user equipment, wherein the concurrent PDN connections between the user equipment and the at least one PDN are managed via a wireless local area network (WLAN).
 8. The method of claim 7 wherein the operational parameter is a maximum number of concurrent PDN connections allowed between the user equipment and the at least one PDN.
 9. The method of claim 8 wherein the number of concurrent PDN connections is limited based on the number of concurrent PDN connections reaching the operational parameter.
 10. A method for managing packet data network (PDN) connections between a user equipment and at least one PDN, the method comprising: rejecting a request for a new PDN connection in addition to a number of concurrent PDN connections between the user equipment and the at least one PDN based on an operational parameter related to PDN connectivity of the user equipment, wherein the concurrent PDN connections between the user equipment and the at least one PDN are managed via a wireless local area network (WLAN).
 11. The method of claim 10 wherein the request is rejected based on the number of concurrent PDN connections reaching the operational parameter.
 12. The method of claim 10 wherein the operational parameter is a maximum number of concurrent PDN connections allowed. 